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Which of the following best describes LD50?

  1. The dose that causes illness in 50% of subjects

  2. The dose that causes death to 50% of test animals exposed by any route

  3. The concentration that causes temporary harm

  4. The exposure limit enforced by OSHA

The correct answer is: The dose that causes death to 50% of test animals exposed by any route

LD50, or "lethal dose, 50%," is a widely used statistical measure in toxicology that quantifies the exposure level of a substance that is expected to cause death in 50% of a test population, typically laboratory animals, when administered via any route of exposure, whether ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. This measure is crucial for understanding the potential risks associated with hazardous substances and helps inform safety guidelines and regulations. The focus of LD50 is on mortality rather than other effects, which is why it specifically addresses the dose leading to death, rather than merely causing illness or temporary harm. Understanding LD50 allows for comparisons among different substances and can aid in risk assessment and safety planning when handling hazardous materials.